Carotenoids perform a protective function in:
Correct answer: C. Both A and B
- A. Animals
- B. Plants
- C. Both A and B
- D. Synthesizing ATP during chemiosmosis
Explanation
Carotenoids perform a protective function in both plants and animals. In plants, they prevent photooxidative damage by dissipating excess energy from chlorophyll and neutralizing reactive oxygen species during photosynthesis. In animals, they act as powerful antioxidants that protect cells from oxidative stress and contribute to health by supporting the immune system and vision. Therefore, while plants produce carotenoids for photoprotection, animals use them (obtained through diet) for antioxidant defence, making option C (both in plants and animals) the correct and most comprehensive choice.
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Cellular respiration explains how cells release energy from glucose through glycolysis, the link reaction, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. It includes ATP production, substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation, aerobic versus anaerobic respiration, and the roles of mitochondria, oxygen and fermentation in energy transfer.
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