All of the following rnembranes are involved in chemiosmosis except:

Explanation

Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane-bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient. In eukaryotes, it occurs in the mitochondria(cristae) during cellular respiration and in the chloroplasts(thylakoid) during photosynthesis. In prokaryotes, it occurs in mesosomes. Proton gradient is required because the breakdown of this gradient leads to the release of energy. Splitting of water is required which takes place on the inner side of the membrane and the protons that are produced, they accumulate within the lumen of the thylakoids. ATP synthase enzyme is required that allows diffusion of protons back across the membrane, this releases energy to activate the ATPase enzyme which catalyzes the formation of ATP. The closed membrane system is not required. Only a membrane is required for the development of a proton gradient across the membrane of the thylakoid and the proton accumulation is towards the inside of the membrane. So, the correct answer is 'Closed membrane system'.