Free Growth and Development MCQs with Answers

131. In higher plants, the phase lies behind the region of elongation is:

• A. The Formative Phase
• B. Elongation Phase
• C. Maturation Phase
• D. Ovulation Phase
• E. Degeneration Phase

Explanation: In higher plants, the phase lies behind the region of elongation is maturation phase.The "maturation phase" refers to a stage or period in the development and growth of an organism or system when it reaches a state of maturity or completeness. In biology, the maturation phase can describe the final stage of an organism's development when it has reached its full adult form and functionality. For example, in the maturation phase of a butterfly's life cycle, it transitions from a pupa to an adult butterfly.The specific meaning of the "maturation phase" can vary depending on the field or context in which it is used. However, it generally signifies a stage of development in which an organism, system, or process reaches a state of full development, readiness, or maturity.

132. Concerning affect of intensity of light on growth of plants, which statement is not correct ?

• A. High intensity of light destroys the chlorophyll
• B. Quality of light has no influence on growth rate
• C. Duration of light affects the growth of vegetative and reproductive structures
• D. Without light, photosynthesis cannot take place
• E. Blue light enhances the cell division but refard cell enlargement

Explanation: Quality of light has no influence on growth rate. The quality of light, including its spectrum and intensity, can indeed have a significant impact on the growth rate of plants and some other organisms.Different wavelengths of light, often referred to as colors, affect plant growth in various ways. For instance, blue light is essential for vegetative growth, red light promotes flowering and fruiting, and green light is less effective for photosynthesis. The spectrum of light influences processes like photosynthesis, photomorphogenesis (light-induced changes in plant form), and circadian rhythms.Light intensity, which is the amount of light energy reaching the plant, plays a crucial role in photosynthesis. Plants require a minimum light intensity for photosynthesis to occur. Too little light can limit growth, while too much light can cause stress or damage to the plant.In controlled environments such as greenhouses or growth chambers, the quality and quantity of light are carefully manipulated to optimize plant growth. Different light sources, such as fluorescent, LED, or high-intensity discharge (HID) lights, are used to tailor the spectrum and intensity of light for specific plant requirements.Plants exhibit phototropism, where they bend or grow toward a light source, and gravitropism, where they grow in response to gravity. The direction of light can influence the orientation and growth of plant stems and roots.

133. Animals begin their lives as single, diploid cells called :

• A. Embryo
• B. Foetus
• C. Zygote
• D. Gastrula
• E. Larva

Explanation: Animals begin their lives as single, diploid cells called zygote. A zygote is the initial cell formed when two gamete cells, typically a sperm and an egg, fuse during fertilization. In sexual reproduction, the zygote represents the first stage of development in a multicellular organism. The zygote contains the full set of chromosomes, half from each parent, and is the beginning of the new individual's genetic makeup.After fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions through a process known as cleavage. These divisions result in the formation of a multicellular structure called a blastocyst in humans. The blastocyst eventually implants into the mother's uterine lining, initiating pregnancy. From this point, further development continues, progressing from the blastocyst stage to the embryo and, finally, the fetus.

134. Stages of an animal's embryonic life:

• A. Cleavage ⟶ Zygote ⟶ Blastula ⟶ Gastrula ⟶ Morula ⟶ Organogenesis
• B. Blastula ⟶ Gastrula ⟶ Cleavage ⟶ Morula ⟶ Zygote ⟶ Organogenesis
• C. Cleavage ⟶ Zygote ⟶ Gastrula ⟶ Morula ⟶ Blastula ⟶ Organogenesis
• D. Zygote ⟶ Cleavage ⟶ Gastrula ⟶ Blastula ⟶ Morula ⟶ Organogenesis
• E. Zygote ⟶ Cleavage ⟶ Morula ⟶ Blastula ⟶ Gastrula ⟶ Organogenesis

Explanation: Zygote ⟶ Cleavage ⟶ Morula ⟶ Blastula ⟶ Gastrula ⟶ Organogenesis is the right answer.

135. Series of mitotic cell division, different daughter cells receive different regions of ovum's cytoplasm is:

• A. Fertilization
• B. Cleavage
• C. Gastrulation
• D. Organogenesis
• E. Growth

Explanation: Series of mitotic cell division, different daughter cells receive different regions of ovum's cytoplasm is cleavage. Cleavage, in the context of embryology and development, refers to a series of rapid and successive cell divisions that occur in the early stages of the development of a multicellular organism, typically following fertilization. These cell divisions are essential for the formation of a multicellular structure from a single-celled zygote, and they give rise to a cluster of smaller, undifferentiated cells called blastomeres.Cleavage sets the stage for subsequent stages of embryonic development, including gastrulation, organogenesis, and differentiation. The early divisions that occur during cleavage are critical for partitioning the genetic material and forming the initial structure of the embryo. The blastocyst, which emerges from cleavage, is what ultimately implants into the uterus in humans and other mammals and initiates the process of pregnancy.

136. Cell divisions, migrations and re-arrangements produce two or three primary tissues or germ layer is:

• A. Fertilization
• B. Cleavage
• C. Gastrulation
• D. Organogenesis
• E. Growth

Explanation: Cell divisions, migrations and re-arrangements produce two or three primary tissues or germ layer is gastrulation. Gastrulation is a key stage in the early development of multicellular organisms, particularly those with bilateral symmetry. It follows the cleavage stage and marks a critical process in which a single-layered blastula is transformed into a three-layered structure called the gastrula. Gastrulation is essential for the subsequent development of various tissues and organs in the organism.During gastrulation, cells within the embryo undergo movements and differentiation to give rise to the three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These germ layers are fundamental in the development of various body structures.Gastrulation is a fundamental process in embryonic development because it establishes the body plan of the organism and lays the foundation for the formation of specialized tissues and organs. It occurs in various animal species and is a central focus of study in the fields of embryology and developmental biology. Understanding gastrulation is crucial for unraveling how different species develop and form their unique anatomical structures.

137. Increase In the size of organs to attain maturity is:

• A. Fertilization
• B. Cleavage
• C. Gastrulation
• D. Organogenesis
• E. Growth

Explanation: Increase In the size of organs to attain maturity is growth. Growth is the process of increasing in size, mass, or complexity. It is a fundamental aspect of life and can be observed in various contexts, including biology, human development, and economics. In biology, growth refers to the increase in the size and number of cells or organisms. In multicellular organisms, growth involves cell division, cell enlargement, and the development of new tissues and organs. Biological growth is essential for the development and survival of living organisms.Human growth is a complex and well-studied process that includes physical, cognitive, and emotional development. It encompasses changes in height, weight, and body proportions, as well as the development of cognitive abilities, social skills, and emotional maturity.Growth can be influenced by environmental factors such as nutrition, temperature, and available resources. Adequate nutrition and a suitable environment are essential for healthy growth in both plants and animals.

138. Sub-populations of cells which are sculpted into specialized organs and tissues is:

• A. Fertilization
• B. Cleavage
• C. Gastrulation
• D. Organogenesis
• E. Growth

Explanation: Sub-populations of cells which are sculpted into specialized organs and tissues is organogenesis. Organogenesis is a critical stage in the development of multicellular organisms, during which major organs and organ systems are formed from the basic tissue layers. This process follows gastrulation and is responsible for the development and differentiation of specific tissues and structures that are essential for the functioning of the mature organism.: During organogenesis, the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) formed during gastrulation further differentiate into specific cell types and tissues. These tissues will go on to form various organs and structures.

139. The part of apical meristem which become separated from by permanent tissue called:

• A. Sub-apical meristem
• B. Lateral meristem
• C. Meristematic tissue
• D. Intercalary meristem
• E. Nodal meristem

Explanation: The part of apical meristem which become separated from by permanent tissue called intercalary meristem. Intercalary meristem is a specialized type of meristematic tissue found in certain plants, particularly in grasses and monocots. Unlike the more well-known apical meristems found at the tips of roots and stems, intercalary meristems are located in the internodes, which are the regions between nodes on the stem. Intercalary meristems are typically located at or near the base of the internodes, often just above the nodes. Nodes are the regions where leaves, branches, or other structures arise from the stem.Intercalary meristems are responsible for elongating the stem.

140. The egg of bird is _ type.

• A. Polylecithal
• B. Monolecithal
• C. Telolecithal
• D. Trilecithal
• E. Unilecithal

Explanation: The egg of bird is polylecithal type. "Polylecithal" is a term used in embryology and biology to describe a type of egg or ovum that contains a relatively large amount of yolk. The yolk is a nutrient-rich substance that provides the developing embryo with the necessary nutrients and energy to support its early growth and development.Polylecithal eggs have a relatively large amount of evenly distributed yolk throughout the egg cytoplasm. In contrast, telolecithal eggs have a small amount of yolk concentrated at one end, often referred to as the vegetal pole, while the animal pole contains very little or no yolk.In polylecithal eggs, cleavage, the process of cell division that occurs after fertilization, is typically incomplete or superficial because the yolk restricts the ability of the dividing cells to move freely. This results in the formation of a blastodisc (a single-layered structure) or a blastoderm.Some examples of animals with polylecithal eggs include frogs, salamanders, and reptiles like turtles and birds. These organisms have adapted to the challenges of developing in eggs with relatively large amounts of yolk.